There are dragonflies on every continent except Antarctica, so chances are most of us have seen one while outside. As such an interesting ancient insect with over 5,000 different species, it makes sense to wonder just how long they live and how their lifespan compares to other bugs. Let’s take a look at the dragonfly lifespan and explore what makes these arthropods so fascinating!
How Long Do Dragonflies Live?
The lifespan of dragonflies is anywhere form a week to eight weeks. However, you might be surprised to learn that some dragonflies survive for more than ten times the length of adults while underwater as nymphs! As adults, dragonflies have life expectancies as short as a week. However, lifespans can extend. In colder weather they’ll be shorter, but if conditions are warm and absent extreme weather (significant rainstorms and wind), dragonflies can live beyond a couple months and as long as six months. Dragonfly development takes significantly longer than their adult lives. Nymphs typically spend a year or more before emergence. However, some species of dragonflies (such as the golden-ringed dragonfly) can spend up to 5 years in their larval stage. That’s 10 times longer than the life expectancy of the oldest adult dragonflies! There are several factors that impact the life expectancy of dragonflies. For example, according to The Dragonflies of Europe by Richard Askew, “the mortality of sexually mature dragonflies appears to be largely independent of their age.” Dragonflies are often the victims of larger predators as well as wing damage sustained during conflicts with other adult dragonflies. This is why dragonflies almost never die from old age.
The Average Dragonfly Life Cycle
Dragonfly life cycles are divided into three stages. These include egg, larva (also known as a nymph), and adult.
Egg
Female dragonflies can produce hundreds of eggs throughout their lifetime. The females will typically lay these eggs in batches throughout a few weeks or months. The eggs are either laid in plant material or loosely deposited in water. Endophytic eggs are land eggs and are longer in shape while exophytic eggs are round in shape and found in water. Within 2-5 weeks after the eggs are laid, they will begin hatching. However, some species, such as the emerald damselflies and even some hawkers, won’t hatch until the next spring season.
Nymph or Larva
Once the dragonfly egg hatches, the dragonfly larvae (or nymph) stage begins. This is the start of the longest stage of the dragonfly life cycle, as they spend the most time in the nymph stage. Dragonfly nymphs dwell in the water while they mature into dragonflies in a process that can take anywhere between a few weeks to five years. During this stage, the dragonfly nymph will hunt and devour live prey as much as possible, including insect larvae, worms, snails, leeches, tadpoles, and tiny fish. They will also molt as often as necessary. Sometimes up to 14 times, in order to reach their full size and attain their wings.
Juvenile Dragonfly & Adult
Once the dragonfly has reached its full size and the weather favors them, they will then begin their final step called emergence. This transformation includes climbing out of the water and up onto the stem of a plant. They will then begin to undergo their final molt and will leave behind their skin, called an exuvia. Once this process is completed they emerge as juvenile dragonflies. They then begin to hunt for food in preparation for maturity. The life cycle then begins all over again as the dragonfly then begins to hunt for a mate.
How Does Dragonfly Lifespan Compare to Other Arthropods?
As such a beautiful and fast-flying insect, it can be hard to believe that dragonflies live such short lives as flying adults! Dragonflies are classified as arthropods. Arthropods are the largest phylum classification in the animal kingdom. The phylum Arthropoda includes lobsters, crabs, spiders, insects, centipedes, and millipedes. Animals are classified as arthropods if they have exoskeletons, segmented bodies, and paired jointed legs. With a lifespan of up to five years as nymphs and six months as adults, dragonflies have a relatively average lifespan when compared to many other insects. As adults, many insects only live up to a year. However, there are some who have defied these odds. Cicadas, for example, live for 17 years, while queen termites have been found to live for 30 years. Still, their lifespan is surprisingly not the shortest. When compared to mosquitoes that only live a matter of weeks and houseflies that only live up to 28 days, the life of the dragonfly no longer begins to feel quite as short.
Fun Facts About the Dragonfly and Its Lifecycle
Since they spend most of their life in aquatic settings as nymphs, dragonflies are able to breathe through gills in their rectum. They are also able to propel themselves through the water by expelling water through their anus. Dragonflies are predators and believe it or not they have a roughly 95% success rate when hunting. They are equipped with sharp mandibles that they use for tearing prey apart. Thanks to this sharp jaw, baby dragonflies are capable of eating mosquito larvae, worms, tadpoles, and even small fish. There are approximately 5,000 species of dragonflies found around the world, with the exception of Antarctica. About 450 species of dragonflies can be found in the United States and about 80 species in British Columbia. A majority of dragonflies live in remote, tropical climates.
